Case Study Of The Doctor Orders - 1770 Words

Kelsey Schmader HLTH200-02 Case Study 1. The doctor orders the following tests: complete blood count (CBC), ESR, hemoglobin A1C, blood glucose, urinalysis, and CT bladder. a. Describe each diagnostic test and what each test is supposed to indicate (what might each test show and why?) Make sure you give references for your answers. b. Why do you think they are appropriate for the doctor to order for Tim at this time? Make sure you give references for your answers. CBC a. The complete blood count (CBC) is a blood test that measures the number of different cells in the blood including but not limited to platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells. It may indicate whether or not the patient has low hemoglobin and hematocrit numbers†¦show more content†¦This level is elevated in those who are fatigued which is why the doctor may have ordered this test. An elevated ESR may indicate diabetes (Kavanaugh 2003). b. This test is appropriate for the doctor to order because it may indicate why Tim is feeling fatigued. Hemoglobin A1C a. A hemoglobin A1C diagnostic test is an average of blood sugars over three month period. It tells what percentage of hemoglobin carries oxygen and how much of the hemoglobin had glucose attached to it. Deals with glucose readings to get a longer evaluation of blood sugar over last three months as opposed to single finger sticks that only give blood sugar at a specific moment. That would better indicate a pattern of increased blood glucose that would lead to a diagnosis of diabetes (Manfred 2014). b. Hemoglobin A1C is a good test for Tim because it indicates his blood sugar over a longer period of time which may indicate diabetes. Extreme thirst is a common sign of diabetes and because it was a symptom of Tim the doctor ordered this test to see if he may be diabetic. Blood Glucose a. Blood glucose –see if glucose was elevated at a current moment. Fasting blood glucose may indicate diabetes or if normal numbers could rule out diabetes. b. The doctor ordered a blood glucose test for Tim to see if his blood sugar is elevated. Again, his symptoms are common signs of diabetes and this test could indicate whether or not he may have it. Tim has excessive thirst, and this is a sign of

Review Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein - 1765 Words

Novel vs. Film What do you think about the Frankenstein novel and movies? Frankenstein is a famous horror novel written by Mary Shelley. There are two versions of the book, the originally published in 1818 and then a revised version that was published in 1831. Mary Shelley depicts a man named Victor Frankenstein, who discover the secret of animating lifeless matter by a collection of dead body parts. He creates a creature, and he does not teach the creature anything. The creature is rejected by society. As the result of this is, the creature vows revenge on Victor Frankenstein. The novel shows that monster is intellect and speech. There are different film versions of the novel, but in many of them turns out the monster does not know how to speak. The films are considerably different than the Mary Shelley s Frankenstein novel. The novel has involved more emotions than films. Mary Shelley provides the reader with a more complex relationship between Victor and the monster, but films j ust depicted simplified story line. I would use the James Whale 1931 film compare to the novel. Compare to the novel and film, the monster is depicted in different manners, leading the role of monster to be different interpreted. It considers much different than Mary Shelley s Frankenstein novel. James Whale directed the 1931 film version of Frankenstein. The main character is named Henry Frankenstein. They change up the name with Victor’s best friend. That isShow MoreRelatedReview Of Dracula ( Bram Stoker ) Mary Shelley s Frankenstein Essay855 Words   |  4 PagesINDEPENDENT NOVEL STUDY Vaani Ladhar Dracula (Bram Stoker) Frankenstein (Mary Shelley) TABLE OF CONTENTS How could Dracula be interpreted as a tale of â€Å"Forbitten Romance?†.†¦.........2 Make a Skit/Video about a part of the book†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 Choose a Controversial issue from the text and take a stand on ONE SIDE of the issue†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦...4 – 5 Art Piece #1: Frankenstein and his Bride†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......6 Art Piece #2: Dracula (Bela Lugosi from the 1931 movie)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦7 â€Æ' QuestionRead MoreThe Consequences Of Technology On Mary Shelley s Frankenstein Essay1703 Words   |  7 PagesThe Consequences of Technology Revealed in Shelley s Frankenstein In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, written in the late nineteenth century, the author proposes that knowledge and technology can be dangerous to individuals and all of humanity. 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An Evaluation of the reasons why a multinational enterprise undertakes FDI Free Essays

string(170) " by competition through the forces of globalisation on the MNC making the rate of risk higher as to sustain long term operation in domestic markets \(Nunnenkamp, 2002\)\." Introduction There are many conceptualisations and variations to the definition of MNCs; however the most commonly accepted definition is that of Barros and Cabral (2000) who defines a MNC as the corporation which has large structure spanning the national border of a country to include operations and bases in several countries. For a firm to be considered a MNC it must own at least in part, a subsidiary in a second country (Glass and Saggi, 2002). Over the years, MNCs have continued to expand their operations by improving their investment portfolios and operational outputs in other countries in their quest to enhance productivity and more importantly achieve better value for their owners and maximise profit for their shareholders. We will write a custom essay sample on An Evaluation of the reasons why a multinational enterprise undertakes FDI or any similar topic only for you Order Now While it is often argued that MNCs ship capital to where it is scarce, transfer technology and management expertise from one country to another, and promote the efficient allocation of resources in the global economy, it is important to note that inspite of this, the ultimate goal of the corporation is to increase profit and improve share value for its owners and shareholders (Barris and Cabra, 2002). It is believed that while FDI helps the country at the receiving end it also benefits the organisation because FDI by their nature has multiple benefits and can offer quick growth for any organisation if carefully undertaken. According to the International Monetary Fund (2002) FDI refers to an investment made to acquire lasting or long-term interest in enterprises operating outside of the economy of the investor. It plays an important role in global business especially in an everly increasingly competitive world marked by competition and globalisation. FDI can also provide a firm with new opportunities, distribution channels, markets and cheaper production capacities including, skills, technology and financing (IMF, 2002). In the work of Zarsky (2002) he points out that MNCs who invests in other countries often tend to benefit from lower costs and higher productive efficiency amongst several other benefits, therefore for firms seeking to achieve better performance, FDI is always undertaken as a strategic decision to achieve such objective. The aim of this paper is to discuss the importance of FDI to multinational organisations and evaluate some of the most important reasons why a MNC would undertake foreign direct investment abroad. The paper looks at the varying benefits of FDI and how it particularly benefits the firm undertaking such investment. Understanding FDI UNCTAD estimates that there are over 76,000 multinational corporations with affiliates and subsidiaries running to about 770,000 worldwide (UNCTAD, 2007). In 2005, FDI was estimated to have reached over $1.5 trillion with MNCs responsible for 12% of the world’s GDP while employing over 55 million people across the world (OECD, 2007). The OECD also estimates that 100 of the largest MNCs in the world account for over 15% of foreign assets with them accounting for 1/3 of global trade. In total over 70% of MNCs are based in advanced industrial countries with increasing stake in the developing world. The increasing surge of MNCs in emerging markets over the past decade especially attests to the fact they are increasingly undertaking FDI through market expansion to diversify their portfolios and increase their presence. Some of the few examples are: Vodaphone in India, Ford in Turkey, Microsoft in the UK and Coca cola in African countries. As is inherent in some of these examples, F DI can either take the form of merger, acquisition, the development of a new firm and or joint venture participation with existing firms (OECD, 2007). According to Thomsen (2000) FDI is important in so many ways for both the host country and the firm making the FDI because it holds various advantages in the long term for both. However, while its benefit for the firm is the focus of this paper, it is important to state that FDI can stimulate competition so long as there are proper policies in the host economy. Therefore FDI investment is not only important to the multinational firm but also the host economy for which it has so many spill over effects which is enjoyed in the long term. Generally, there is outward FDI and inward FDI. Outward FDI is the type of foreign direct investment which typically leaves a country while inward FDI is one which is received by a host country (Ekholm, 2004). MNCs participate in both forms of FDI and benefits from both at the same time through their activities. While outward FDI is generally not in favour of the host economy, it is said to benefit the MNC because it offers the opportunity for reinvest ment or as profits for the owners or shareholders. Inward FDI on the other hand benefits the host economy as it creates jobs and generates tax for the government while also benefiting the multinational company in several ways. Why MNCs undertake FDI In the old economics textbook, various reasons were adduced to the motive behind MNCs undertaking of FDI in other countries. One of the main explanations is that ‘Market disequilibrium and distortions’ give MNCs the impetus to undertake foreign investment (See e.g. Knickerbocker, 1973; p. 21). In a sense, it is believed that government imposed distortions as well as temporary disequilibria for example causes the need for firms to look outside their domestic market for opportunities in other countries (Ibid). Another explanation often put forward for MNCs motive for undertaking FDI is that market imperfection drives MNCs to look outward because imperfection in a market creates opportunities and economies of scale therefore it offers the MNC a perfect opportunity to increase its profits by investing its stake (See: Ekholm, 2004). While some of these explanations are still true to some extent as to why MNCs undertake FDI, the current and most important reasons indeed surpas es what is documented in the old textbooks of economics as explained earlier. Today, MNCs undertake foreign direct investment for various reasons and one of such is the increasing pressure wielded by competition through the forces of globalisation on the MNC making the rate of risk higher as to sustain long term operation in domestic markets (Nunnenkamp, 2002). You read "An Evaluation of the reasons why a multinational enterprise undertakes FDI" in category "Essay examples" Indeed through the modern process of globalisation, competition has taken a new dimension as forces outside a country can compete with a firm irrespective of its dominance in its local market, its brand awareness or strenghth, with the power of increasing competition therefore, survival today is about thinking ahead of the game, organisational thinking through innovation, collaboration, expansion and increased presence in other markets. This can be said to be one of the main impetus for MNCs motive for undertaking FDI abroad as such investment would enable the firm to achieve its objectives of improving profits and enhancing productivity theough cost cutting. Another motive behind MNCs undertaking of foreign direct investment is to diversify risks in their markets and portfolios. As noted by (Johnson, 2005) increasingly the macro business environment is becoming characterized with operational risks as the rate of unceratinty is increasing and markets are failing. The recent recession is an example of such risks existing in the external operating environment, since the recession which first started in 2007, several well known brands have collapsed while many are still suffering from the ruins of the recession. Indeed, many organisations operating in single markets and with limited product and market portfolios were exposed to market failures and increased risks in the last recession which consequently marked major decline in their share value and profit margin. Consequently, as a result of the threats associated with the risks of operating in one single market or product, MNCs are undetaking FDI abroad in other to diversify the risks in th eir primary market. Risk for a MNC can come in various faces. It could be operational risk, market risk, product risk, and several other. Undertaking FDI therefore offers the MNC the opportunity to mitigate such risks by diversifying into other markets or products through FDI. In the recent work of Davis (2009) he suggests that by undertaking foreign direct investment the MNC is able to lower production costs while also able to avoid trade restrictions. More so, the increasing labour cost and the cost of production in industrialised economies has given more impetus to MNCs to undertake FDI in a way that would allow them to lower production costs and enjoy cheaper labour costs (Barros and Cabral 2000). Ford motors is a typical example; Since the cost of production of Ford motors has increased in the UK, the company has decided to conduct its operations from other markets like Turkey for example where the cost of labour and production is relatively low. In addition to aiming to reduce labour and production costs, MNCs also undertake FDI to take up opportunity in profitable markets (Johnson, 2005) and this especially has to do with markets where there are better opportunities for the MNC to compete and make profit while at the same time increasing its brand v alue and identity (Ibid). Most of large oil and gas firms in the industrialised countries are typical examples of this development. Most big western oil firms such as Shell, Chevron, Mobil, BP, Texaco, etc have increased their presence in oil producing nations such as Russia, Angola, Brazil, Nigeria, Qatar, etc because the oil market in such countries require huge investment and infrastructure which they can undertake through FDI yet the market is such that there is little competition and therefore when they enter such markets they are able to use their market power and experience to increase their profit and become better at what they do. Shell like many other oil firms operating in the oil industry of many countries around the world have been able to avail itself of more opportunities in the general oil and gas market as well as other related industry through FDI than it can do in its primary and domestic markets. Similarly, the oil producing companies generally have been able to learn more about the intricacies of downstream and upstream operations as well as able to diversify into other related markets while at the same time able to contribute to the development of their host communities, although there are issues concerning corporate social responsibility and the environmental degradation caused by oil companies to their local communities, however the opportunistic and growth aspect of participating in other markets which FDI offers has been the main motive of MNCs. A similar development can be seen in other industries too, like the beverages industry for example where Coca cola is a prime example, Coca cola have been able to enter over 200 countries mainly to take advantage of the gaps and opportunities in those markets for the purpose of maximising its own profits while at the same time increasing its enhancing productivity and creating edge against its competition. The question to ask indeed is why MNCs are addicted to profit making and the taking up of opportunities everywhere there isIn response to such question: Kugler (2001) suggest that large firms over the past twenty years have been operating in a tougher and competitive world where their market power is challenged by small firms and the power of globalisation, it is this which gives them the motivation to invest abroad with the aim of challenging their competitors and taking to their advantage the benefit inherent in other markets to increase their profits and stay ahead of the game. Several MNCs also take opportunities abroad through FDI with the aim to vertically integrate their operations back and forward so as to sustain their operations and maintain healthy profits. It is at this juncture that the role of greed in their motive to undertake FDI can also be located. While little research exists in the literature on greed and why MNCs undertake FDI abroad, the 2007 global financial crisis has sparked academic debates about the role of greed in the operations and investment motives of MNCs abroad. In the work of Gultung (2009) for example looking at the case of some oil firms, financial institutions and industrialised apparel firms’, he talks about grievance, greed and opportunism in the way MNCs engage in FDI. The author explores the exploitation and the activities of many multinational corporations; How they exploit local firms, resources and labour in the foreign markets in which they operate. He cited the case of Shell in Nigeria and how the firm has over the year’s completely overtaken and forsaken local communities in which they exploit natural resources. As a consequence of such exploitation – Gultung suggests that many f armers have ceased operations while many fishermen are not able to feed their families and survive because their lands and firms have been taken over by oil activities and in many cases devastated and contaminated, yet Shell announce billions of dollars in its after profit tax every year. A similar example was cited of the apparel industry and the activities of company like Primark which has over the years undertaken foreign direct investment in India and many developing countries but to take advantage of labour and other local factors. Exploitation according to the author is defined as a â€Å"means through which one party gets much more out of a deal than the other-measured by the sum of internalities and externalities†. Sadly, most MNCs always get much more out the deals they strike than others. It is in this definition that it can be further argued that many MNCs as it is across many industries in the world mostly exploit other parties with whom they engage in FDI, theref ore it can be assumed that MNCs often undertake FDI in order to improve their profits with the motive to exploit others resources and take advantage of the opportunities in such markets. Finally, MNCs undertake FDI as a result of what Gorg and Strobl (2001) describe as the Product Life Cycle effect which occurs as a result of products reaching their maturity. For example a FDI takes place when product maturity hits and cost becomes an increasingly important consideration for the MNC. Conclusions This paper has explored the foreign investment activities of MNCs and the main reasons why they undertake FDI; it has presented various motives and factors underlying MNCs quest for investment abroad and as discussed above; one of such reasons is to increase profit, diversify risks and increase their competitiveness. The motive to undertake FDI to improve competitiveness has particularly become important for many MNCs given that in the current business environment, competition has become the order of the day and irrespective of size or location, small firms are able to compete in the same market with the multinationals. For the multinationals therefore, competitiveness has been the key and that includes aggressive expansion, constant innovation, acquisition and investing in markets abroad through various means. In view of the reasons mentioned in the paper, the reasons why MNCs undertake FDI can be said to be numerous and dependent on specific factors having to do with individual MNC s. For example some MNCs would make FDI decision to avail themselves of opportunities abroad, while other would take such decision to diversify risks, or vertically integrate their operations. References Barros. P.P. and L. Cabral (2000). Competing for Foreign Direct Investment., Review of International Economics, 8, 360-371. Ekholm, K. (2004). Multinational Enterprises and their Effect on Labour Markets, in Sodersten, B. (ed.), Globalization and the Welfare State, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. OECD (2007). Global Competition and the top ten investment destination, Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Gorg, H. and E. Strobl (2001) .Multinational Companies, Technology Spillovers, and Plant Survival: Evidence from Irish Manufacturing., EIJS Working Paper 131, Stockholm School of Economics. Glass, A. and Saggi, K. (2002). Multinational Firms and Technology Transfer, Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 104(3), 495-514. Galtung, J. (2009) Peace by peaceful means peace and conflict, development and civilisation. London, Sage publications International Monetary Fund (2002). FDI statistics. Johnson, A. (2005). Host Country Effects of Foreign Direct Investment: The Case of Developing and Transition Economies, Jonkoping, Singapore: Jonkoping International Business School Dissertation Series No. 031 Knickerbocker, F. T. (1973) Oligopolistic Reaction and Multinational Enterprise. Division of Research Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University: Cambridge, MA Nunnenkamp, P. (2002). Determinants of FDI in Developing Countries: Has Globalization Changed the Rules of the GameKiel, Germany: Kiel Institute for World Economics working paper No. 1122 Thomsen, S. (2000). Investment Patterns in a Longer-Term Perspective, OECD Working Paper on International Development, Number 2000/2 UNCTAD (2009). FDI statistics for multinational and Transnational’s, Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Zarsky, L. (2002). Foreign Direct Investment: No Miracle Drug [online]. Ultimate Field Guide to the US Economy, Available: http://www.fguide.org/Bulletin/fdinodrug.htm How to cite An Evaluation of the reasons why a multinational enterprise undertakes FDI, Essay examples

Involvement of Auditing Enhancement †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Involvement of Auditing Enhancement. Answer: Introduction The exposure drafts are considered in this case which simply illustrates the new accounting standards which are depicted to be opened for the public comments and also the enhancement of the study is being made by showing the appropriate setting of the organisation. The settings of the organisation are made on the IASB, AASB and the FASB standards that are made for showing the exposure processes. As per the article" Auditing the Auditors," the reputation of the KPMG is being shown with firing the five partners of the company on the basis of the audit made. This is depicted as the unethical conduct which had been made to the five partners(Board, 2017). As per the policies and the practices continued by the firm, the Auditor is showing the involvement of the auditing enhancement by showing the mitigation of the factors regarding the governing bodies and also the auditors are a part responsible for the unethical step taken by the company. The step which is being illustrated as the form of the strategic and also the consideration is being depicted by showing the enhancement of the structure. The integrity of the unethical conduct itself shows the inappropriate work which is also explained as the part of the study and also the integrity of the unethical conduct affects the auditing process by firing the employees from the organization(Alexander, Nobes, Ullathorne, 2016). This wil l lead to the unethical conduct which is being made by the compliance of the auditing rules and the regulations. The inappropriate conduct is being shown by depicting the study, and also it is identified to be showing the negative impact on the KPMG Company. The reputation of the company KPMG which is one of the Big Four bookkeeping organizations, took another hit for the current week, when it terminated five partners, including the leader of the audit practice in the United States, for the "deceptive conduct." The firings went ahead top of existing inquiries regarding the company's arrangements and practices: KPMG has for quite a long time been the evaluator of embarrassment scarred Wells Fargo and was the long-lasting reviewer of issue tormented FIFA, the world soccer administering body(Appannaiah, Reddy, Putty, 2010). After a seemingly endless amount of time, KPMG examiners saw no wickedness in either organization. The most recent rupture extends questions about KPMG and, all the while brings up principal issues about the honesty of all open organization reviews. The accomplices and one KPMG representative were terminated on the grounds that they neglected to provide details regarding leaked information they had got about assessments arranged by the regulator of the firms, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, which was built up after the accounting scandals at the Enron(Beechy, Conrod, 2008). The regulators analyze a choice of a complete audit of the accounting firm. The fact of the matter is to gauge consistence with the auditing rules, and in that way give financial specialists a benchmark for evaluating the nature of a firm's audits. Thus, the leaked data, which originated from a representative at the regulator who no longer works there, empowered the accomplices to know ahead of time which reviews, would be assessed. Progress ahead of time would allow them to ensure that any focu sed on reviews were squeaky clean. The moral issues that arises in accounting at the individual representative level is the misappropriation of the financial assets(Britton, Waterston, 2013). The misappropriation of the assets is referred to the inappropriate utilization of the assets that affects the operations of the organization.Also called taking or theft, misappropriation of advantages can happen at almost any level of the organization and to about any degree. Fake money related detailing, exposure infringement are mistakes of moral. Deliberately recording the exchanges in a way that is not appropriate as perthe accounting rules is viewed as fake finance related detailing, the inability to reveal data to speculators that could change the choices about investing the resources into the organization could be viewed as false monetary announcing. Organization administrators must walk a scarcely discernible difference; it is authoritative for administration to ensure the organizatio n's restrictive information(Helbk, Lindset, McLellan, 2010). Nonetheless, if this data determines with a critical occasion, it cannot be the moral to keep this information from the speculators.The fair value representation of the financial statements is very much important for the organizations. KPMG says authorities found the leak information in late February and instantly detailed it to the controller and the Securities and Exchange Commission. KPMG likewise recognized that the leaked data "conceivably" undermined the uprightness of the administrative procedure. The contributing open needs a firm answer with reference to when the break happened and which assessments, assuming any, were influenced (Horngren, 2014). KPMG had justifiable reason motivation to dread its controller. The company's investigation comes about for 2014 and 2015 were appalling. In 2014, its lack rate was 54 percent, which implies that examiners discovered more mixed up and inconsistent reviews than great ones. In 2015, the insufficiency rate was 38 percent, which was a change, yet at the same time more awful than that of the other three major accounting firms. Obviously, the best possible reaction to dreading an awful review is to enhance execution, not surrender to the bait of undermining the test. K PMG had no real option except to terminate the accomplices and the worker. As far as concerns its, the controller now must choose the option to give people in general a full picture of what happened, why and when and which reviews might be influenced(Jones, 2013). Great reviews are the base of reasonable and straightforward financial markets. They have demonstrated slippery KPMG company is at the base of the Big Four firm, however different firms likewise have exasperatingly high insufficiency rates. The accounting boardof public company should help settle that and now it, as well, must find a way to guarantee its own particular respectability and, in this manner, the honesty of business sectors. The accounting firm KPMG has let go six workers, including the leader of its accounting department in the United States, after it had learned they were given uncalled for notices in front of arranged review investigations by its controller, the public Company Accounting Oversight Board. KPMG said that a person who had joined the firm from the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board had received personal data from a representative of the oversight board and imparted it to others at KPMG(Kieso, 2007). The fair value representation of the financial statements is very much important for the organizations. The accounting firm said it had taken in of the matter from a shriek blower in February. An examination by an outside law office discovered that these people either had uncalled for notices of the audit to be assessed by the oversight load up, which polices evaluators in the United States or knew that others had gotten such notices and had neglected to legitimately report the circumst ance in a convenient way. The accounting firm said that it had terminated six representatives in its audit practice, five of them accomplices, for violating its code of accepted rules. Those people included Scott Marcello, the leader of the United States audit practice. Punishments for violations of accounting morals rules and regulations have expanded significantly(Nobes, Parker, 2016). The enactment takes into account unforgiving violations for controlling financial records, devastating data, interfering with an examination and gives lawful insurance to whistle blowers. What's more, CEOs of the company can be held criminally for distorting their organization. On the off chance that accounting morals weren't a vital thought some time , the higher stakes given by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act had unquestionably raised the shares. The organization said on Tuesday that the Frank Casal had been designated as the vice chairman for audit department, succeeding Mr. Marcello. KPMG likewise named Jackie Daylor as a national overseeing accomplice for review quality and expert practice. The declaration is another potential hit to KPMG's reputation after inquiries have been brought up as of late concerning why it neglected to reveal illegal sales practices at the Wells Fargo, representing the worldwide body of soccer(Parrino, 2015). Elizabeth Warren, the Democrat of Massachusetts, cruelly scrutinized the firm in a letter a year ago, saying its inability to reveal shameful movement at Wells Fargo "brings up issues about the nature of your audits." The KPMG said it instantly detailed the circumstance with the public company accounting board to the oversight board and the Securities and Exchange Commission and enlisted an outside law office to explore the matter. It keeps on coordinating with controllers in the matter(Powers, Needles, 2012). This issue does not influence any of the association's review sentiments or any customer's budgetary articulations, the organization said. "KPMG has zero resilience for such deceptive conduct," Lynne Doughtie, the KPMG administrator, and CEO, said in the news. "Quality and respectability are the foundations of everything we do, and that incorporates working with the most extreme regard and respect for the administrative procedure." "KPMG is focused on the most elevated norms o f polished skill, trustworthiness, and quality, and we are devoted to the capital markets we serve," she included. "We are finding a way to guarantee that such a circumstance ought not to occur once more." The organization is an accumulation of autonomous firms in the United States and different nations working under a similar brand name. Those organizations incorporate 189,000 representatives in 152 nations. Issues in the standard The FASB Board has issued the proposed update as the significant part of the simplification inventiveness. The main objective of the standard is to determine, analyse and improve the aspects of the generally accepted accounting principles. Thus, the Board has issued the proposed Update as a feature of its simplification inventiveness. The goal of the Simplification inventiveness is to distinguish, assess, and enhance ranges of the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for which the cost and multifaceted nature can be diminished while keeping up or enhancing the value of the data given to users of the financial reports (Rahman, 2015). The stakeholders have suggested the Board that the direction on identifying if obligation ought to be classified noncurrent or current in the classified balance sheet is unpredictable. Debt incorporates direction on different scope, fact and debt transactions. The alterations in this proposed Update would replace the present, certainty particul ar direction with all-encompassing, cohesive principles. The Board is expecting that the proposed changes would diminish the cost and difficulty for auditors while deciding if obligation ought to be named noncurrent or current in the financial position statement while giving more reliable and straightforward data users of the financial statement. The debt arrangement provides the lender with the right to receive the consideration and the borrower with the obligations to pay the consideration on fixed or determinable or demand dates (Scott, 2015). The changes in this proposed Update would keep on requiring an element to characterize an obligation course of action as a noncurrent liability when there has been an obligation agreement infringement if the element gets a waiver of that infringement that meets certain conditions before the financial report are issued. That classification is an exemption to the rule above, however, is like current GAAP. The special case would apply to all waivers with the exception of those that outcome in a debt restructuring or those that are represented as an obligation extinguishment, Debt Modifications, and Extinguishments. The Board likewise chose to hold and illuminate the likelihood appraisal identified with resulting covenant violations. The proposed corrections likewise would require an element to independently show in a critical position sheet liability that is delegated noncurrent accordingly. The changes in this proposed update could move characterization of certain obligation courses of action between current liabilities and non-current liabilities as contrasted and current direction (Spiceland, 2010). The current guidance would be succeeded by a rule that may vary from the existing rules that the proposed revisions would dispense with. A standout amongst the most noteworthy changes to the characterization would be for illustration, obligation that is renegotiated on a long haul premise after the asset report date. Current direction requires obligation that is renegotiated on a long haul premise to be delegated a noncurrent obligation. The revisions in this proposed Update would preclude element from considering a consequent renegotiating while deciding the order of obligation as of the accounting report date (Weil, 2017). A resulting renegotiating gives confirm about conditions that did not exist at the date of the financial report however emerged after that date. Similarly, an ensuing renegotiating of here and now obligation with the issuance of value securities will no longer influence the classification of obligation as of the accounting report date under the proposed revisions . The obligation courses of action would be classified as current liabilities. Another case of an adjustment in arrangement comes about because of obligation that contains subjective increasing subjective statements or material antagonistic change conditions. Current GAAP obliges elements to consider the probability of increasing speed of the due date while deciding noncurrent or current classification. The revisions in this proposed update would expel that likelihood evaluation. Rather, the subjective speeding up clause would affect the characterization of obligation just when it is activated. In the first set of annual and interim financial statements, an organization will apply the amendments in the proposed update on the prospective basis to the debt that exists after and at that date. The early adoption of the given amendments will be permitted. The board invites organizations and individuals to comment on all the matters in the proposed update. Detailed examination of disagreement between the commenting partners The FASB standard puts emphasize on the financial statements preparation need some changes. The balance sheet of most organizations should show separate classification of current liabilities and current assets permitting to determine the working capital. In this proposed update, the amendments are related to the separate classifications of non-current debt and current debt within the balance sheet. The organization that does not present the classified balance sheet will be not be affected by the proposed amendments. The organizations are accepting the new accounting rule introduced by the FASB standard. The organizations are not opposing the new amendment. The amendments in the proposed update will be applied to all the organization that enters into the debt arrangement (Welch, 2014). The debt arrangement provides the lender with the contractual right to receive the consideration and the borrower with the contractual obligations to pay the consideration on fixed or determinable or de mand dates. The proposed corrections likewise would require an element to independently show in a critical position sheet liability that is delegated noncurrent accordingly. The amendments are also applied to the convertible debt instruments and classified liability redeemable financial instruments. Analyzing the comment letter The proposed amendments by the FASB standard introduced principle to determine whether the debt arrangement should be classified as the non-current liability of the balance sheet. The principle is that the organization should classify the instrument as the non-current. In this proposed update, the amendments will require than the organization should classify the debt arrangement as the noncurrent liability. The comment letter of KPMG states that the company supports the objective of the board to determine, analyze and improve the GAAP areas in which the complexity and cost can be decreased while improving or maintaining the usefulness of the data and information provided to the financial statements users. The company believes that the board should explain clearly the changes in underlying the principle that has been used in GAAP. The proposal states that the board will replace the guidance with the cohesive, overarching principle. The guidance in the current GAAP is based on the cohe sive underlying principles (Burns, 2014). The principle in the current GAAP is particularly based on the current liabilities defection and informs the financial statement users whether the organization expects to use the current assets for satisfying the existing debt obligations. The board proposes to replace the principle with the one under which the classification will be based on contractual terms and conditions of debt arrangement. The organizations have to follow the accounting standards while preparing their financial statements. The comment letter of Deloitte shows that the company is supporting the efforts of the board under the simplification initiative in order to improve the aspects of the GAAP which is unnecessarily costly and complex. The proposed ASU is the efforts of the board by establishing the debt classification principles that is focused on the terms and conditions of the debt arrangement as of the data of balance sheet. The principle will introduce in the U.S GAAP a coherent and consistent set of requirements to classify debt as non-current or current. The company supports the proposal of the board to establish the principle of the debt classification which is based on the terms and conditions of the arrangement as of the balance sheet da te. It is expected that the principle would be easier to apply and explaining the existing requirements of the debt requirements in GAAP. However, the company recommends that to decrease the risk of misapplication or diversity in practice (Parker, 2007). The proposed amendments will require that organizations to classify as the current liabilities a debt arrangement that is the short term debts but it is refinanced as the long-term debts. The fair value representation of the financial statements is very much important for the organizations. Conclusion The accounting rules and regulations need to be followed by the companies. Debt incorporates direction on different scope, fact and debt transactions. The alterations in this proposed Update would replace the present, certainty particular direction with all-encompassing, cohesive principles. The financial statements provide significant information to the users of the financial statements. Thus, the board would modify the description proposes classification in the proposed ASC. The debt will be classified as the noncurrent which is to be settled more than the one year. The financial statements of the companies provide significant information to the users of the financial statements. References Alexander, D., Nobes, C., Ullathorne, A. (2016).Financial accounting. Harlow, England: Pearson. Appannaiah, H., Reddy, P., Putty, R. (2010).Financial accounting. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House. Beechy, T., Conrod, J. (2008).Intermediate accounting. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson. Board, T. (2017).Opinion | Auditing the Auditors.Nytimes.com. Retrieved 6 May 2017, from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/14/opinion/auditing-the-auditors.html?rref=collection%2Ftimestopic%2FAccounting%20and%20Accountants_r=0 Britton, A., Waterston, C. (2013).Financial accounting. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Deloitte. (2017).Cite a Website - Cite This For Me.Fasb.org. Retrieved 6 May 2017, from https://www.fasb.org/cs/BlobServer?blobkey=idblobnocache=trueblobwhere=1175834920162blobheader=application%2Fpdfblobheadername2=Content-Lengthblobheadername1=Content-Dispositionblobheadervalue2=541930blobheadervalue1=filename%3DBSCDEBT.ED.015.DELOITTE_TOUCHE_LLP.pdfblobcol=urldatablobtable=MungoBlobs Helbk, M., Lindset, S., McLellan, B. (2010).Corporate finance. Maidenhead, Berkshire: Open University Press/McGraw-Hill Education. Horngren, C. (2014).Accounting. Toronto: Pearson Canada. Jones, M. (2013).Accounting. Chichester: Wiley. Kieso, D. (2007).Intermediate accounting. New York [[u.a.]: Wiley. KPMG. (2017).Cite a Website - Cite This For Me.Fasb.org. Retrieved 6 May 2017, from https://www.fasb.org/cs/BlobServer?blobkey=idblobnocache=trueblobwhere=1175834891008blobheader=application%2Fpdfblobheadername2=Content-Lengthblobheadername1=Content-Dispositionblobheadervalue2=532431blobheadervalue1=filename%3DBSCDEBT.ED.005.KPMG_LLP.pdfblobcol=urldatablobtable=MungoBlobs Nobes, C., Parker, R. (2016).Comparative international accounting. Harlow, England: Pearson. Parrino, R. (2015).Corporate Finance. Singapore: John Wiley Sons. Powers, M., Needles, B. (2012).Financial accounting. [Mason]: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Rahman, N. (2015).Corporate Finance. North Ryde: McGraw-Hill Australia. Scott, W. (2015).Financial accounting theory. Toronto: Pearson. Spiceland, J. (2010).Intermediate accounting. Toronto, ON: McGraw-Hill Ryerson. Weil, R. (2017).Financial accounting. [Place of publication not identified]: Cengage Learning. Welch, I. (2014).Corporate finance. Los Angeles: Ivo Welch. Burns, P. (2014).Business Finance. Elsevier Science. Parker, R. (2007).Understanding company financial statements. London: Penguin.

Film Analysis Citizen Kane Essay Example

Film Analysis Citizen Kane Essay Citizen Kane (1941), directed by Orson Welles, draws extensively upon the ethos of the American Dream and the pursuit of happiness to explore the human condition. The film is a fictionalized version of William Randolph Hearst, it’s this towering central character that gives the film its air of significance as well as its continuingrelevance as the parallels with Citizen Murdoch, Citizen Trump and Citizen Jobs are easy to spot. Most saliently, the film’s enduring value and timeless nature can be attributed to its ability to explore three universal concepts: the emptiness of wealth, the corrupting nature of power and the necessity of love. Welles explored how an obsessive thirst for material wealth diminishes the holistic pursuit of happiness, leading to emptiness and disillusion. Kane’s achievement of the American Dream is emblematic of the United States as it overcame the Great Depression (1929-1941) through its entry into WW2, resulting in increased optimism and economic progress. This is evident for Kane, via the faux news montage sequence of â€Å"News on the Marche† depicting the chronology of Kane’s empire. However, despite his great wealth, kane dies lonely and isolated, with a recurring symbolism of entrapment established in the opening scenes by ominous, non diegetic music as the camera zooms in and pans over a â€Å"No Trespassing† sign. A quick cut to Kane’s last word,† Rosebud†, a synecdoche for the joy of a childhood untainted by a pursuit of material wealth, also symbolizes an eternal winter, emphasizing the metaphorical coldness of the adult Kane’s heart, starved of human bonds. Furthermore, following his second wife Susan’s departure, welles frames kane in a mise-en-abyme in which double mirrors reflect an infinite sequence of diminishing kanes, visually manifesting his entrapment in the flawed ethos of the American dream. We, as the audience come to understand that underneath his vast material wealth, We will write a custom essay sample on Film Analysis Citizen Kane specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Film Analysis Citizen Kane specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Film Analysis Citizen Kane specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

The industrial revolution essays

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Socio Economic Development On Poverty Reduction Of Zanzibar Economics Essay

Socio Economic Development On Poverty Reduction Of Zanzibar Economics Essay INTRODUCTION Low growth rates, unemployment and poverty, are the issues in which many developing countries fighting for in nowadays. While this has showed the way for a number of observers in the developed countries to ask, Why cant people in these countries improve their situation are they just lazy? (Bucciferro, 2007). The main target of different governments medium term agenda in the world is to raise economy and reduce poverty by certain percentages and certain period of time. In achieving this target the gross domestic product rate must grow in higher level compared to the per capita income. In this chapter, the main topics will be provided including background information, statement of the study as well as objectives of the study. Contributions of the study, significance of the study, limitations of the study and organizations of the study are also listed in this chapter. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Jiangsu Province in China Jiangsu Province is one among the provinces and located in the middle of the east coast of China. On the north is bordered by Shandong, Anhui to the west and Zhejiang province to the south. It is the largest economic center in China lies within the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and be close to Shanghai. With an area of 102,600 square km, Jiangsu Province has a population of approximately 76 million. The province has also a fertile land, plentiful water and a moderate climatic condition. There are 13 municipalities under the jurisdiction of the provincial government, namely, Nanjing, Wuxi, Xuzhou, Changzhou, Suzhou, Nantong, Lianyungang, Huaian, Yancheng, Yangzhou, Zhenjiang, Taizhou and Suqian. The capital of the province is Nanjing (http://www.nj.gov/njbusiness/pdfs/Jiangsu_2009.pdf). Jiangsu is very wealthy among the provinces of China, with the third highest total GDP after Guangdong and Shandong Province. As for the case of its economy, in 2008, its per capita GDP was nearly RMB 40,000 yuan (US$ 5,700) and nominal GDP was over RMB 3 trillion yuan (US$428 billion), at an annual growth rate of 12.5%. Zanzibar Zanzibar consists of two main islands namely Unguja and Pemba with the total areas of 2,654 square kilometers, and a number of smaller islets and some of which are uninhabited. All sides of western, eastern, northern and southern are surrounded by the Indian Ocean. The Islands be positioned about 40 kilometers off the coast of Mainland Tanzania from the western part and located between latitudes 5 and 7 degrees south of the Equator. Still Zanzibar is close to the East African countries which including Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania itself. In 1964, Zanzibar combined with Tanganyika to form the United Republic of Tanzania. However Zanzibar holds considerable autonomy over her internal affairs and has her own legislature, judiciary and an executive. Additionally, Zanzibar follows a multiparty democracy and the president, members of parliaments and local governments are elected through popular vote in every five years. According to the census conducted in 2002, Zanzibar had a population of 981,754 residents, with a growth rate of 3.1 percent and a population density of 370 per square kilometers. Of the total population 54% is in the age group of 15-55 years old which is indicative of the size of the active labor force. Up to 2005 population reached to about 1,072,000. According to Zanzibar Statistical Abstract (ZSA), 2007, about 1.1 million (i.e. 1,136,100) populations are estimated until 2007 and out of that 40% live in urban area, and remaining 60% are settled in rural areas. As Zanzibars population is relatively young, and it is projected that about 2 to 3 percent of the population join labor force every year. Zanzibar relies on three major sectors including agriculture, industry and services. In 2008 the growth domestic produ ct (GDP) rate was about 747.9 billion Tanzania shillings compared to 586.4 billion (TSH) in 2007. And the government has carry out various policy and structural reforms with the objective of achieving stable macro-economic conditions and sustainable economic environment. Statement of the problem As far as human rights is concerned, socio-economic development is very essential thing that nation has to take into account, unless otherwise, it can create a serious problem within the nation. This is due to the fact that, it represent with other aspects like education, health, communication (infrastructure) and individual consumption (per capita income). Until now, we have studied macroeconomic interactions between industrialized countries market economies like those of the United States and Western Europe. Richly endowed with capital and skilled labor, these politically stable countries generate high levels of GNP for their residents (Krugman, et al. 2003). Since after the World War II, the trade between the developed and developing countries are not only well expanded; the developing nations still try to have a loan from richer countries as well. This will in turn into easiest way of suffering from the emerging world financial crises. However, Zanzibar and Jiangsu province is one of Chinas provinces are among the developing economies in the world. In such a way that in Jiangsu province there are well developed infrastructures that encourage many foreign investors to invest. Whereby some of the industrys operating cost reduced and finally come up with a huge of development. Poverty is the basic problem of developing countries and escaping from poverty is their overriding economic and political challenge (Krugman, et al. 2003). Compared with Jiangsu province in China, Zanzibar is poorer especially on the side of factors of production that lead to the new industry like capital and skilled labor. While this will result in to low level of GDP and per capita GDP as also; and finally stop the country to gain economies of scale and scope from which Jiangsu province in recent years benefits from. On the other hand the different political ideology and instability in one way or another still remains to be a challenge that ne eds to be addressed. In 1978, China opened up the door to the outside the world and encourage more foreign direct investments (FDI). Opening the economy up to trade would encourage more intensive use of existing factors of production (Husted, et al. 2001). From that point of view the province started receiving more foreign capitals flowed in to. This is because; foreign firms located in the province and helped a lot in expanding the local industries and promote production capacity as well as export sectors. With such benefits from now on wards, it is very important for Zanzibar also to persuade foreign direct investment in order to address those challenges facing. Most foreign firms consider factors like government efficiency, preferential tax policy, human resources, market potential and environment laws for deciding investment in to foreign country. Therefore the most important thing first is to improve those mentioned factors. From this perspective, the study looked at socio-economic development of Jiangsu province on how does it well performed until it reached the present state of among the leading province in China. Indeed Zanzibar is fighting for improving the economic situation on different environment and as a result it performs poor. Hence, this study will be highly interesting in establishing the torch for Zanzibar in which can be used as a light to see what Jiangsu province did and learn from them if possible, in certain level and take certain not all that can be affordable to be implemented according to limited resources it has, so as to make the country in to better stage for the future sustainable economic performance and finally poverty reduction. In addition to that, this study was guided by the questions among others are: What are the motives for socio-economic development? What responsibility of economic development must bear? Should government pursue economic growth primarily or focus on poverty reduction? Is growth good for poor? What Zanzibar should do? Objective of the Study In recent years economic growth has come to occupy an exalted position in the hierarchy of goals of government policy, both in the United States and abroad, both in advanced and in less developed countries, both in centrally controlled and decentralized economies (Tobin, 1964). Based on http://www.un.org/Docs/SG/objectiv.htm, sustainable economic growth is essential for expanding the resource base for development, and hence for economic, technical and social transformation, generate the required financial, physical, human and technical resources and finally to the eradication of poverty. It is seemed that in Jiangsu province there is a strong planning and implementation process from top to bottom for different projects that involve local communities which is basically for the managing the economy. And this is very important thing for rural development as well building their capacities. It has also well developed infrastructure in communication and transportations that is supportive for economy of a province. It is also notably that, in every year, Jiangsu province sating up the GDP and per capita GDP growth target (together with required resources) to be achieved and in order to remain on leading position among the Chinas provinces. For instance, the realistic goals for 2009 are set to achieve a 10% increase of gross domestic product, a 17% increase of a fixed asset investment and a 16% increase of retailing sales (China Daily Jiangsu Bureau, 2009-02-06). Therefore, the objective of this study is to illustrate and assess the socio-economic development of Jiangsu province in China. Specific objectives In line to the above general objective, this study also had the following specific objectives, among others are:- Provide a support for develop innovation to the Zanzibar in improving production capacity. Assessment of socio-economic development on poverty reduction Provide a better understanding of what Chinas do through Jiangsu province in improving the livelihood of its citizens. Analyze the infrastructure development as an engine to economic development and further poverty reduction Propose the potential actions in helping Zanzibaries to get the economic development of the country as a whole. Contributions of the study The conducive environment as for the case of political stability in a nation always encourages investors locally as well foreigners to invest that leading to the production capacity and creating employment opportunities. At the same time human recourses and the use of science and technology have substantial impacts on the easing access to availability of scarce resources upon which production is depending. Apart from that marketing development for such agricultural products can affects export growth and expand small as well as medium size industries as far as per capita income is concerned. In fact, it necessary to any nation in setting up the profitable programs for the reduction of poverty. Such programs like loans should be directed to the individual farms rather than to the project which is normally seems to be unproductive to the specifically rural population. In this case roads can connect all major industrial and farming centers which automatically help in boost the economy. H ence government efficient expenditure is a key issue to support economic growth because society at all times demands the services, but it has to make sure that this does not encourage a tax burden to other sectors. Nevertheless, economic globalization is occurring partly due to the improvements in technology and decreased transportation costs, and partly due to a deliberate choice on behalf of many national governments, to increase their integration with the global economy (Aisbett, E. (2003)). At the same time, however, Woolcock (2001) argued that we need sound political institutions and civil society more than ever, without addressing the question of whether globalization will foster or frustrate their development. In brief the rapid economic growth and its performance bring more investments and contribute to even balance of payment as well as capital stock. So in recent time it has been recognized that, in Zanzibar, there is a decreasing rate of growth that might be caused by global financial crises which obviously still remain a challenge and burden for the general concept of poverty reduction. From the above reasons, the results of this study are expected to contribute towards explanation on how does economic development construct a road to achieve the final aim of poverty reduction. This will in turn to assist the policy makers, planners and other shareholders in shaping the direction of a country. As a final point, the study will promote and persuade academicians plus other different interested parties in different organizations, since because it will offer and can be used as a skeleton or reference materials for further studies on this or similar areas. Limitations of the study Organizations of the study CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Definitions of key terms 2.1.1. Socio-Economic development With acknowledge of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomic_development, socio-economic development is refers to the process of social and economic development in a society which is measured with indicators, such as GDP, life expectancy, literacy and levels of employment. Such less-tangible factors like personal dignity, freedom of association, personal safety and freedom from fear of physical harm, and the extent of participation in civil society, are also considered. Additionally it mentioned that, causes of socio-economic impact including such factors like new technology, changes in laws, changes in the physical environment and ecological changes. 2.1.2. Poverty Poverty can be defined as a condition of not having the means to afford basic needs such as clean water, nutrition, health care, clothing and shelter (i.e. absolute poverty) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty). Here again, in relative term, poverty is the condition of having fewer resources or less income than others within a society or country, or compared to worldwide averages. Poverty at a national level means a country may have insufficient economic resources to invest in education, health, infrastructure, political and legal systems and public institutions, which can lead to instability and civil unrest (http://www.globaleducation.edna.edu.au/globaled/go/cache/offonce/pid/181). Similarly, Al-Roubaie (2004) defines poverty as the inability to earn adequate income to meet ones basic need and argues that poverty is man made due to wrong doings such as greed, injustice, exploitation, ignorance, unequal opportunity, corruption, social divides, gender imbalance, mal-distribution of income, laziness, disease, war, usury, oppression, political, social, environmental and economic factors. On the other hand, Primanik (1998), states that poverty is the failure to reach a certain level of income enough to meet the needs of a well-defined basket of goods and services at the prevailing market prices. As a result, persons who can get a smaller amount than the desired level of income be described to income poverty. Different nations in the world especially developing ones, are still facing these kind of problems as of the scarce for certain resources such as shortage of foods (and even long drought season, land degradation etc) brought by lack of new methods of farming like irrigation methods, using of fertilizers and pesticides. In spite of that, living expenses make poor people in spending almost all of their budgets on food. In this context they are easily in suffering once the price of food rises. On the other hand, poor government management as far as corruption, weak in rule of laws and bureaucracy are concerned, can put a nation into poverty. Such that these factors are the engine for economic development, that is to say, many enterprises and foreign investors are encouraging in. Living in poverty is something which is unacceptable, and this is because, if there is no poverty life must be different to everyone. This is due to the fact that people might have enough money to pay for school fees and go hospital. Hunger, lower life expectancy, and other kind of diseases, are the problems encountered by those who are living in poverty. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), hunger and malnutrition are the single gravest threats to the worlds public health and malnutrition is by far the biggest contribution to child mortality, present in half of all cases. Thus, as far as improvement of environment is concerned, effort must be taken to bring in sustainable economic growth first at list in agricultural sector which is the backbone for development and later on provides better life. 2.1.3. Poverty reduction Poverty reduction, or poverty alleviation, has been for the most part as a situation resulted in to general economic growth. All developing countries that have experienced sustainable high growth over the last decades have reduced their absolute poverty levels (Rodrik, August 2000). He discussed the issue of the pattern of growth and its impact on income. From that sense, Poverty reduction is possible to be engaged in improving the life for those who are living in poor conditions. But on one side if a nation be inefficient in agricultural productions, as for the case of lack of modern technology such as using fertilizers and irrigations methods for the purpose of getting higher products, the food shortages is likely to occur. That is to say, for those countries the so called developed economies recently, they succeeded in getting higher economy first and then in reducing or even eliminating a group of people in poverty. Thus support for poor economy countries is so essential to them particularly towards education, health, infrastructure and technical parts that is further collectively boost the productive ability. A health population is an engine for economic growth (WHO, 2000). And this is because to some extents, in order to make sure the reduction of poverty also takes place, the target policy for the government should direct towards the social services. Meanwhile, development aid that aimed at generating economic growth therefore would automatically also be beneficial to the poor (Schulpen, 1997:14). 2.2. The Role of Socio-Economic development in improving quality of life As it is referred to Krugman, et al. (2003), Poverty is the basic problem of developing countries and escaping from poverty is their overriding economic and political challenge. This challenge should be well addressed through well planned project like subsidies in agriculture, encouraging privatization and investment processes that have giving up a higher output and employment. Also Krugman, 2003, argued that, improving environment particularly political environment, supposed to be taken into account first to speed up the economic process in order to reach an objective of economic growth headed by the policy action. In doing so, domestic industries must take the leading position for production of enough goods to satisfy domestic market and also increase export to get balance of payment surplus. On the other way round, government might apply high tariff on imported goods, taxation reform and even market intervention on price rises for the purpose of investment growth. Taking an example from Palit, (2006), argued that, the World Bank advised the government of Bangladesh for the privatization program. This policy was aimed to: (1) increase irrigation coverage per machine (11) reduce the cost of irrigation (111) improved maintenance by the owners of the machines, and (1V) reduce the cost of management on the part of the Bangladesh Agriculture Development Corporation (BADC). Arising from these changes, the very idea of what development does or should mean has also rapidly evolved. Development is no longer equated solely with the endless pursuit of material and economic goals; it is increasingly perceived as a never-ending process of change towards a continuous improvement of the human condition (Rana, 2000). The objective of human development has been reiterated to include expanding the capabilities of people to live the sorts of lives they desire (Sen, 1999). It has become necessary for economic development together with environmental, social and cultural development -to be regarded as part of a bigger whole sustainable human development (UNDP, 1994). In doing so the nation has been far more steps in the process of widen the peoples preferences that lead in enjoyment of overall living standards. Together with that, the government in the assistant with the private sectors has to play a major responsibility. Hence, socio-economic development, apart from reducing poverty, it may donates not only the livelihood but also attract chances for employment. 2.2. World Perception on Poverty Reduction 2.2.1. Africa Perspectives on Poverty Reduction ETHIOPIA AND POVERTY However, in African perspectives, this study attempted to take Ethiopia as its case study to see what has been done on poverty reduction. Ethiopia is one among the African landlocked (non-coastal) country which has an area of 1.13 million square kilometers (437,794 sq miles), the second for having high number of populations around 85.8 million, life expectancy is about 54 years (men), 56 years (women), ( UN, 2009). Coffee, oilseeds, hides, beeswax and sugarcane are the main exports goods for the country, and its gross national income according to the World Bank 2008, was around US $280. On the side of natural resources, this country comprised of a number of them including potash, salt, gold, copper, platinum and natural gas. For certain extent its economy depends on agriculture accounting half of the GDP (60% of exports and 80% of employment) which mostly relies on rainfall, but is one among the leading coffee producers in Africa. In 2002, coffee alone contributed amount of US $ 156 million, in which the year after the overall agricultural products two percents declined due to the drought and poor methods of farming. Example, it shows in the graph below, that the share of agriculture in 2002/2003 dropped 40% from 43% in year 2001/2002. Manufacturing sector and transport storage communications 7%, other services accounted for 17%, government services 15%, trade, restaurants, hotels all together amounted to 9% while 5% for other industries. GDP by sector in 2002/2003 Source: Authors estimates based on IMF and domestic authorities data. According to the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#Economy, Ethiopia has shown a fast-growing annual GDP and it was the fastest-growing non-oil-dependent African nation in 2007 and 2008. Also it then added that since 1991, there has been attempts to improve the economy, however has been some political opposition to the policies as well as a 2008 drought which slowed progress even if it has many rivers but few of them used in irrigation purposes. The effectiveness of these policies is reflected in the 10% yearly growth from 2003-2008. Among other things, GDP Ethiopia showed gradually increase since 1980s. Various additional Ethiopia economic activities are based on agriculture accounted for about 41% of GDP, 80% of exports and 80% of the labor force. In 2007, experience a higher annual GDP whereby agricultural goods took a higher portion on exports in which coffee was the largest foreign exchange earners of a country. Small scale farmers and enterprises are the main sole producers of the export products based on cash crops goods. In Africa, is the second producer of the maize and reported to account 15% in 1987 of GDP. The gross national income (GNI) for 2005 was $11.1billion, with a per capita GNI increased from US $ 90 (UNICEF, 2003), US $ 160.00 (World Development Indicators database, April 2006) up to US$ 170 in 2006. In 2009, the GNP per capita reached US $1541 resulted in improved the life expectancy to 54 years for men and for women 56years, from 44.6 years for men and 46.7 years for women in 2001, (UN). Here again, the share for agriculture in GDP in the year 2006 was 47.3%, w hile industry, manufacturing and services were 13.5%, 5.3% and 39.2% respectively. In a fiscal year of 2007-2008, agriculture commodities headed by coffee contributed 45% of GDP in a country, while industries including textiles, processed foods, construction, cement and hydroelectric power all together contributed 13% of GDP and services amounted to 42% of GDP. In addition to that the annual growth rate accounted for about 8.5%, and per capita GDP reached to about $800 in the year 2008. As far as trade was concerned, in 2005 export was US $612million and import was US$2.722 billion. The economy showed improving a bit differently from 2006, such that merchandise exports and imports accounted for US$ 1,014.0 and US $4,494 million respectively. Despite these economic improvements, urban and rural poverty remains an issue in the country. This was due to the fact that, on one angle people especially male moved from rural to urban area to the sense that they can find good living conditions. At the same time they left their wives out of pocket with a heavy work burden of taking care of children. Thus was in turn not only to child labor where most of them are not educated and not well paid, malnutrition and illiteracy as well. In spite of that, other factors making people migrate from one place to another generally, like economic, demographic, political and other related factors, such as population pressure, environmental disasters, poverty and conflicts. For example Africa in particular, the development of transportation systems, the monetization of the economy and the deliberate development of mining enclaves and plantation agriculture together with a series of recruitment policies (compulsory recruitment, contract and forced labor legislation and agreements) stimulated regional labor migration from Mali, Togo and Upper Volta to Gold Coast and Coˆ  tedIvoire (Adepoju, 2005; Adebusoye, 2006). These migrations between African countries brought by the fact that; socio-economic as well as historical factors differ among each other. But back to 1998 when Ethiopia has a war with Eritrea, this resulted into slow of agricultural productions that has a huge impacts on exports for foreign exchange income to the country. Here again, low government revenue, due to the fallen of collection of tax contributed to the small number of tourist that arrived in the country for the period of 1999. In Ethiopia particular, overall people living below poverty line were 50% in 2005. It was reported that, in 2008 about 16% of the populations were still living with less than one dollar a day. Whereby only 65% of the rural families can eat the WHOs minimum average of food per day, and about 42% of five years children of age were underweight. According to the Dercon Stefan, (1999), the poor typically have less to economic infrastructure, such as transport, all weather roads or communication services. He then added that, although distances to social infrastructure are not necessarily much different between the poor and rich, the poor rely much more on self-treatment, including traditional means, and cheaper forms of health care such as pharmacies and rural drugs venders. These will in turn to most poor depending mainly to the agriculture with poor farming skills that resulting to have low harvests. On the other hand, low capitals for purchasing fertilizers as well as pesticides in orde r to have good harvests which still remain the challenge. In connection to this the poor do not have the necessary technology and resources, in terms of money and so on, to be able to change and adopt (Primw minister -Meles Zenawi (2009)). Similarly, according to the World Bank reported 2009, in 2001/2002, firms reported a range of serious obstacles, including poor infrastructure, regulatory barrios, administrative obstacles, and access to land and finance. The report added that by the 2006/2007 most of them had become insignificant problems. From the farmers perspective, in Ethiopian peasants lived for very many years in a terrible state of ignorance and gruesome conditions of deprivation and poverty (Gebru, 1991:3). From 1994 up to 2004, it was found that 21% remained poor through the whole period (Dercon et al, 2006). However with such condition, a bit improvement recognized in 1982, the percentage of people living below poverty line of $1 a day fell from 46% to 31.3% in 1995. Bu t according to the World Bank 2006 report, 22.5% were lived under the food poverty line of 1650 kcals per person per day. For many years, Ethiopia experienced a number of drought seasons that threatened the livelihood of citizens and caused a food shortage. For example from 1978-1998 alone, the country was in drought which has an effect on losing per capita income and consumption as well, resulted in to looking for food support from international agencies. In facts, there is no clear cut that shows the declining or increasing of poverty in Ethiopia. For example, in supporting by the World Bank 2005, at an aggregate level, there appears to have been little or no decline in overall poverty incident in Ethiopia since 1992, in which rural experienced decline of one or two percentages and urban has increased in recent years. In order positively respond to this world problem, Ethiopian government has set its target vision to be achieved which is to see Ethiopia become a country where democratic rule, good governance and social justice reign upon the involvement and free will of its people; and once extricating itself from poverty to become a middle-income economy (www.csa.gov.et). So that to reach this vision, the government also laid down a strategy to reduce poverty together with the achievement of millennium development goals (MDGs) called Program for Accelerated and Sustainable Development to End Poverty (PASDEP). The main aim of this plan was to push the country in to the economic growth position manly through agricultural productions by using new methods of farming together with subsidizing fertilizers, improved seeds and pesticides, as well as strengthening extension services. Not only that but also encouraging the participation of private sectors approach and without forget the public sectors in d elivering services. Based on agricultural activities and its development meaning that, this is the first step to approach the growth and further poverty reduction that will end up to the industrial improvement which will automatically provide employment for majority poor citizens. As far as rural development was concerned, education, food security and health program including safety net and HIV/AIDS issues are addressed. Many countries in the world put the economic growth as the most important goal to be achieved and poverty reduction followed after. To some extent, the government decided to provide assistance fund for majority of poor to give them support for the development of small business and encourage local markets. For example in 1997 and 2002 the amount reached around US$265 million a year, and then increased in the year after whereby drought hit the country (i.e 2003), (Ashley, Brown, et al. 2006). In 2005-2006, 55% off cash are given, 45% was food assistant and in 2007 safety net program reached about 8.3 million rural Ethiopian in different regions. Among other things, Ethiopian government tried level best in reducing poverty level by strengthening i

The Lack of Stringent Educational Values in America Essay examples --

Since I was a child, I have been a product of the American public educational system. From a young age, my classmates and I have always been told to study hard and we would do great things. This is true, for the most part, however, there is one tragic flaw in this statement. A person can always strive to be the best, but without the proper structure or guidance, he or she will never be able to reach their full potential. Robert Fellini is a prime example of never being able to reach his full potential because of the lack of guidance during his scholastic life. Fellini is a dear friend of mine and study partner for years. Like myself, he is a product of the public educational system. Although he has graduated from college, where does his life take him now? To be a security guard at a bank. This is what Fellini is currently doing for employment. While studying with Fellini, he mentioned his aspirations to become a lawyer. He definitely had the knowledge an d the ambition, but his fatal flaw was the lack of support from both his educators and personal family. The educational system is better in Asia than in America because of the values instilled in students at a young age. In Asian countries, such as China and Japan, children are taught from a young age that there is nothing more valuable in the world than an education. This is quite different from the teachings of American children. In Talking to High Monks in the Snow by Lydia Minatoya, we find that the attitude of the students she taught in Boston were greatly less appreciative and ambitious as the students she taught in Japan and China. Throughout her journey, both the students from Japan and China resembled a more studious and advantageous... ...to become ambitious if there are no educators to motivate them? Japan and China have one very important thing in common, their educators are well respected and their student body is far more intelligent than America. What would happen if America became a country of academic supremacy? If we were to become a global giant in the academic world, and combine that with our economical and living aspirations, what would be the disadvantage in living in such a country? Works Cited Hassett, Kevin A. Rethinking Competitiveness. Washington, D.C.: AEI, 2012. Print. Healey, Nigel M. "Is Higher Education in Really 'Internationalising'?" Higher Education 55.3 (2008): 333-55. JSTOR. Web. Nov.-Dec. 2013. . Minatoya, Lydia Y. Talking to High Monks in the Snow: An Asian American Odyssey. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 1992. Print.

Greener Forms of Generating Electricity

A power station is a facility which is used to generate electric power. iAt the center of nearly all power stations is a generator, a rotating machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by creating relative motion between a magnetic field and a conductor. In Bosnia there is a lot of hydro power plants, the biggest ones are: Grabovica, Jablanica, Salkovac, Visegrad etc. There are three different types of power plants, thermal power plants, hydro power plants and solar power plants. In order to make our lives and the lives of our offspring better, we need to investigate and design new greener ways of converting mass amounts of energy into electricity. Solar power plants use an endless power, which is the sun. Beams from the sun hit mirrors which convert the suns energy into electricity. Approximately, every 7. 2 hours, 3. 6kWh electricity is produced. Solar power is clean and green and it can provide enough energy. However, the downside to this type of power is that it isn't cheap. Building a single mirror of 3. 8 meters by 1. 6 can cost up to $60. 00. These mirrors are state of the art which capture the suns light, and turn it into energy. Thermal power plants are bad for the environment because they contribute to global warming by burning fossil fuels. These power plants are still in use today, because they provide a lot of energy and coal is cheap, so it can be burned in large quantities. Most houses today are supplied either by thermal or hydro. Thermal is very bad for the environment and since the industrial revolution kicked in global temperatures have been rising. Another type of power is wind power. Wind turbines are rotary devices that get provide energy using the air. This type of technology is not to be sniffed at as wind power can sometimes provide more energy than burning coal. There is a downside to this as well. Staying green and using wind powered turbines can cost a lot of money. Staying green and investing in these ideas will matter in the future. By burning excess fossil fuels we are creating green house gasses which are heating up the planet, thus destroying a lot of environments. (2) In Bosnia, the biggest hydro power plant produces around 170. 00 cubic meters of water that reach speeds of 60 km per hour. This is enough water to fill up around 100. 000 Olympic swimming pools every day. Hydroelectric stations have been up and running for about 100 years, and since been scientists have been searching for a way to harvest the energy better. The main idea behind these power stations is to convert the energy of flowing water into the flow of electrons or electricity. Most hydroelectric stations use either water diverted around the natural drop of the river such as a waterfall or rapids. In addition to this a damn is also built across the river to raise the river to create the drop needed to provide a force. Water in the higher level is collected in the reservoir, which flows into the pipe called the pen star which carries it down to a turbine water wheel at the lower water level. The water pressure increases as it flows down the pen star, it is this pressure and flow that drives the turbine which is connected to the generator. Inside the generator is the rotor which is spun by the turbine. Electro magnets are attached to the rotor located within coils of copper wires called a starter. AS the generator rotors spin the magnets, a flow of electrons is created in the coils of the starter. This produces electricity that can be stepped up in voltage through the stations transformers and sent to this transmission lines. The following water the proceeds down the river. Most of our energy comes from the spinning of the rotor of the AC generator in power stations like Nuclear power stations, thermal and hydro power stations. An AC generator is a device which converts mechanical energy into electricity. The working of an AC generator is based on electromagnetic induction which states that whenever the flux passing through a circuit changes, an EMF is induced in it and a current begins to flow. The direction of this is given by Lenz`s law or Flemings right hand rule. Lenz`s law which is more commonly used states that the direction of the induced current is such as to oppose the very cause producing it. (1) In our homes we use open electrical circuits which is very important as with them we do not use direct current. If we were to use direct current many more fires caused by electricity would happen and appliances would not function well and they would simple burn out. We need electric circuits for everything, they are what keeps our appliances running safely. Today using thermal power plants is a big problem as it affects many factors. Countries in the EU have to follow certain conduct when it comes to power plants. For instance Nuclear power plants have to have the right materials, funding etc, thermal power plants have to have filters, can`t produced to many greenhouse gasses etc. the waste that comes out of these plants are often dumped into the rivers or oceans, this kills a lot of marine wildlife which local farmers depend on. These power plants also affect our environment; they can both help and destroy our environment. The waste produced in power plants is often thrown out in the forest, or lakes and seas. On the other hand solar and wind power can help with the environment by providing a clean way to get energy.